Neuro-Oncology

Glioblastoma (GBM) Treatment: Options and Advanced Approaches

Glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade 4 glioma) is the most aggressive primary brain tumour. Standard treatment β€” maximal safe resection followed by temozolomide + radiotherapy (Stupp protocol) β€” achieves a median OS of 14–16 months. Advanced approaches including BNCT, tumour treating fields (TTFields), immunotherapy clinical trials, and oncolytic virotherapy are expanding options for newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM patients, particularly through clinical trial access in Asia.